湿地公约
湿地公约是关于特别是作为水禽栖息地的国际重要湿地公约。国际湿地公约全称为《关于特别是作为水禽栖息地的国际重要湿地公约》。 www.qwbaike.cn
1971年2月2日订于拉姆萨尔，经1982年3月12日议定书修正。各缔约国承认人类同其环境的相互依存关系；考虑到湿地的调节水分循环和维持湿地特有的支植物特别是水禽栖息地的基本生态功能；相信湿地为具有巨大经济、文化、科学及娱乐价值的资源，其损失将不可弥补；期望现在及将来阻止湿地的被逐步侵蚀及丧失；承认季节性迁徙中的水禽可能超越国界，因此应被视为国际性资源；确信远见卓识的国内政策与协调一致国际行动相结合能够确保对湿地及其动植物的保护。
www.qwbaike.cn
www.qwbaike.cn
背景意义 编辑本段
湿地与森林、海洋并称全球三大生态系统，也是价值最高的生态系统。根据《湿地公约》的定义，湿地包括沼泽、泥炭地、湿草甸、湖泊、河流、滞蓄洪区、河口三角洲、滩涂、水库、池塘、水稻田以及低潮时水深浅于6米的海域地带等。
湿地具有涵养水源、净化水质、调蓄洪水、控制土壤侵蚀、补充地下水、美化环境、调节气候、维持碳循环和保护海岸等极为重要的生态功能，是生物多样性的重要发源地之一，因此也被誉为“地球之肾”、“天然水库”和“天然物种库”。据联合国环境署2002年的权威研究数据显示，1公顷湿地生态系统每年创造的价值高达1.4万美元，是热带雨林的7倍，是农田生态系统的160倍。湿地还是许多珍稀野生动植物赖以生存的基础，对维护生态平衡、保护生物多样性具有特殊的意义。
多年来，全球湿地伴随着全球化进程的加快而不断遭到破坏。因此，保护湿地成为一个世界性的问题。
1971年2月2日，来自18个国家的代表在伊朗南部海滨小城拉姆萨尔签署了一个旨在保护和合理利用全球湿地的公约——《关于特别是作为水禽栖息地的国际重要湿地公约》（Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat ，简称《湿地公约》）。该公约于1975年12月21日正式生效，目前，有158个缔约方。
《湿地公约》的宗旨是通过各成员国之间的合作加强对世界湿地资源的保护及合理利用，以实现生态系统的持续发展。目前，《湿地公约》已成为国际重要的自然保护公约之一，1828块在生态学、植物学、动物学、湖沼学或水文学方面具有独特意义的湿地被列入国际重要湿地名录，总面积约1.69亿公顷。
公约全文 编辑本段
关于特别是作为水禽栖息地的国际重要湿地公约
（1971年2月2日定于拉姆萨，经1982年3月12日议定书修正）
各缔约国，承认人类同其环境的相互依存关系；
考虑到湿地的调节水份循环和维持湿地特有的动植物特别是水禽栖息地的基本生态功能；相信湿地为具有巨大的经济、文化、科学及娱乐价值的资源，其损失将不可弥补；
期望现在及将来阻止湿地的被逐步侵蚀及丧失；
承认季节性迁徙中的水禽可能超越国界，因此应被视为国际性资源；
确信远见卓识的国内政策与协调一致的国际行动相结合能够确保对湿地及其动物的保护；
兹协议如下：
第一条
1.为本公约的目的。湿地系指不问其为天然或人工、长久或暂时之沼泽地、湿原、泥炭地或水域地带，带有或静止或流动、或为淡水、半咸水或咸水体者，包括低潮时水深不超过六米的水域。
2.为本公约的目的，水禽系指生态学上依赖于湿地的鸟类。
第二条
1.各缔约国应指定其领域内的适当湿地列入由依第八条所设管局保管的国际重要湿地名册，下称""名册"".每一湿地的界线应精确记述并标记在地图上，并可包括邻接湿地的河湖沿岸、沿海区域以及湿地范围的岛域或低潮时不超过六米的水域，特别是当其具有水禽栖息地意义时.
2.选入名册的湿地应根据其在生态学上、植物学上、湖沼学上和水文上的国际意义。首先应选入在所有季节对水禽具有国际重要性的湿地。
3.选入名册的湿地不妨碍湿地所在地缔约国的专属主权权力。
4.各缔约国按第九条规定签署本公约或交存批准书或加入书时，应至少指定一处湿地列入名册。
5.任何缔约国应有权将其境内的湿地增列入名册，扩大已列入名册的湿地的界线或由于紧急的国家利益已列入名册的湿地撤消或缩小其范围，并应尽早将任何上述变更通知第八条规定的负责执行局职责的有关组织或政府。
6.各缔约国在指定列入名册的湿地时或行使变更名册中与其领土内湿地有关的记录时，应考虑其对水禽迁移种群所养护、管理和合理的国际责任。
第三条
1.缔约国应指定并实施其计划以促进已列入名册的湿地的养护并尽可能地促进其境内湿地的合理利用。
2.如其境内的及已列入名册的任何湿地的生态特征由于技术发展、污染和其他人类干扰而已经改变，各缔约国应尽早相互通报。有关这些变化的情况，应不延迟地转告按第八条所规定的负责执行局职责的组织或政府。
第四条
1.应设置湿地自然保护区，无论该湿地是否已列入名册，以促进湿地和水禽的养护并应对其进行充分的监护。
2.缔约国因其紧急的国家利益需对已列入名册的湿地撤消或缩小其范围时，应尽可能补偿湿地资源的任何丧失，特别是应为水禽及保护原栖息地适当部分而在同一地区或在其他地方设立另外的自然保护区。
3.缔约国应鼓励关于湿地及其动植物的研究及数据和出版物的交换。
4.缔约国应努力通过管理增加适当湿地上水禽的数量。
5.缔约国应促进能胜任湿地研究、管理及监护人员的训练。
第五条
缔约国应就履行本公约的义务相互协商，特别是当一片湿地跨越一个以上缔约国领土或多个缔约国共处同一水系时。同时，他们应尽力协调和支持有关养护湿地及其动植物的现行和未来政策与规定。
第六条
1.缔约国应在必要时召开关于养护湿地和水禽的会议。
2.这种会议应是咨询性的，并除其他外，有权：
A.讨论本公约的实施情况；
B.讨论名册之增加和变更事项；
C.审议关于依第三条第2款所规定的列入名册湿地生态学特别变化的情况；
D.向缔约国提出关于湿地及其动植物的养护、管理和合理利用的一般性或具体建议；
E.要求有关国际机构就影响地、本质上属于国际性的事项编制报告和统计资料。
3.缔约国应确保对湿地管理负有责任的各级机构知晓并考虑上述会议关于湿地及其动植物的养护、管和合理利用的建议。
第七条
1.缔约国出席这种会议的代表，应包括以其科学、行政或其他适当职务所获得知识和经验而成为湿地或水禽方面专家的人士。
2.出席会议的每一缔约国应有一票表决权，建议以所投票数的简单多数通过，但须不少于半数的缔约国参加投票。
第八条
1.保护自然和自然资源国际联盟应履行本公约执行局的职责，直至全体缔约国三分之二多数委派其他组织或政府时止。
2.执行局职责除其他外，应为：
A.协助召集和组织第六条规定的会议；
B.保管国际重要湿地名册并接受缔约国根据第二条第五款的规定对已列入名册的湿地增加、扩大、撤消或缩小的通知；
C.接受缔约国根据第三条第二款规定对已列入名册的湿地的生态特征发生任何变化的通知；
D.将名册的任何改变或名册内湿地特征的变化通知所有的缔约国，并安排这些事宜在下次会上讨论；
E.将会议关于名册变更或名册内湿地变化特征的建议告知各有关缔约国。
第九条
1.本公约将无限期开放供签署。
2.联合国或某一专门机构、国际原子能机构的任一成员国或国际法院的规约当事国均可以下述方式成为本公约的缔约方：
A.签署无须批准；
B.签署有待批准，随后再予批准；
C.加入。
3.批准或加入应以向联合国教育科学及文化组织的总干事（以下简称“保存机关”）交存批准书或加文书为生效。
交存
第十条
1.本公约自七个国家根据第九条第二款成为本公约缔约国四个月后生效。
2.此后，本公约应在其签署无须批准或交存批准书或加入书之后四个月对各缔约国生效。
第十条 之二
1.公约可按照本条在为此目的召开的缔约国会议上予以修正。
2.修正建议可疑由任何缔约国提出。
3.所提修正案文及其理由应提交给履行执行局职责的组织或政府（以下称为执行局）并立即由执行局转送所有缔约国。缔约国对案文的任何评论应在执行局修正案转交缔约国之日三个月内交给执行局。执行局应于提交评论最后一日立即将至该日所提交的所有评论转交缔约国。
4.审议按照第3款所转交的修正案的缔约国会议应由执行局根据三分一缔约国的书面请求召集。执行局就会议的时间和地点同缔约国协商。
5.修正案以出席参加的缔约国三分之二多数通过。
6.通过的修正案应于三分之二缔约国向保存机关交存接受书之日后第四个月第一天对接受的缔约国生效。对在三分之二的缔约国交存接受书之后交存接受书的缔约国，修正案应于其交存接受书之日后第四个月第一天生效。
第十一条
1.本公约将无限期有效。
2.任何缔约国可于公约对其生效之日起五年后以书面通知保存机关退出本公约，退出应于保存机收到通知之后四个月生效。
第十二条
1.保存机应尽快将以下事项通知签署和加入本公约的所有国家：
A.公约的签署；
B.公约批准书的交存；
C.公约加入书的交存；
D.公约的生效日期；
E.退出公约的日期。
2.一俟本公约开始生效，保存入应按照联合国宪章第一百零二条将本公约向联合国秘书处登记。
下列签字者经正式授权，谨签字于本公约，以资证明。
一九七一年二月二日订于拉姆萨，正本一份，以英文、法文、德文和俄文写成，所有文本具有同等效力，保存于保存机，保存机关应将核证无误副本个送所有的缔约国。
英文全文 编辑本段
Article 1
For the purpose of this Convention wetlands are areas of marsh, fen, peatland or water, whether natural or artificial, permanent or temporary, with water that is static or flowing, fresh, brackish or salt, including areas of marine water the depth of which at low tide does not exceed six metres.
For the purpose of this Convention waterfowl are birds ecologically dependent on wetlands.
Article 2
Each Contracting Party shall designate suitable wetlands within its territory for inclusion in a List of Wetlands of International Importance, hereinafter referred to as "the List" which is maintained by the bureau established under Article 8. The boundaries of each wetland shall be precisely described and also delimited on a map and they may incorporateriparian and coastal zones adjacent to the wetlands, and islands or bodies of marine water deeper than six metres at low tide lying within the wetlands, especially where these have importance as waterfowl habitat.
Wetlands should be selected for the List on account of their international significance in terms of ecology, botany, zoology, limnology or hydrology. In the first instance wetlands of international importance to waterfowl at any season should be included.
The inclusion of a wetland in the List does not prejudice the exclusive sovereign rights of the Contracting Party in whose territory the wetland is situated.
Each Contracting Party shall designate at least one wetland to be included in the List when signing this Convention or when depositing its instrument of ratification or accession, as provided in Article 9.
Any Contracting Party shall have the right to add to the List further wetlands situated within its territory, to extend the boundaries of those wetlands already included by it in the List, or, because of its urgent national interests, to delete or restrict the boundaries of wetlands already included by it in the List and shall, at the earliest possible time, inform the organization or government responsible for the continuing bureau duties specified in Article 8 of any such changes.
Each Contracting Party shall consider its international responsibilities for the conservation, management and wise use of migratory stocks of waterfowl, both when designating entries for the List and when exercising its right to change entries in the List relating to wetlands within its territory.
Article 3
The Contracting Parties shall formulate and implement their planning so as to promote the conservation of the wetlands included in the List, and as far as possible the wise use of wetlands in their territory.
Each Contracting Party shall arrange to be informed at the earliest possible time if the ecological character of any wetland in its territory and included in the List has changed, is changing or is likely to change as the result of technological developments, pollution or other human interference. Information on such changes shall be passed without delay to the organization or government responsible for the continuing bureau duties specified in Article 8.
Article 4
Each Contracting Party shall promote the conservation of wetlands and waterfowl by establishing nature reserves on wetlands, whether they are included in the List or not, and provide adequately for their wardening.
Where a Contracting Party in its urgent national interest, deletes or restricts the boundaries of a wetland included in the List, it should as far as possible compensate for any loss of wetland resources, and in particular it should create additional nature reserves for waterfowl and for the protection, either in the same area or elsewhere, of an adequate portion of the original habitat.
The Contracting Parties shall encourage research and the exchange of data and publications regarding wetlands and their flora and fauna.
The Contracting Parties shall endeavour through management to increase waterfowl populations on appropriate wetlands.
The Contracting Parties shall promote the training of personnel competent in the fields of wetland research, management and wardening.
Article 5
The Contracting Parties shall consult with each other about implementing obligations arising from the Convention especially in the case of a wetland extending over the territories of more than one Contracting Party or where a water system is shared by Contracting Parties. They shall at the same time endeavour to coordinate and support present and future policies and regulations concerning the conservation of wetlands and their flora and fauna.
Article 6
There shall be established a Conference of the Contracting Parties to review and promote the implementation of this Convention. The Bureau referred to in Article 8, paragraph 1, shall convene ordinary meetings of the Conference of the Contracting Parties at intervals of not more than three years, unless the Conference decides otherwise, and extraordinary meetings at the written requests of at least one third of the Contracting Parties. Each ordinary meeting of the Conference of the Contracting Parties shall determine the time and venue of the next ordinary meeting.
The Conference of the Contracting Parties shall be competent:
to discuss the implementation of this Convention;
to discuss additions to and changes in the List;
to consider information regarding changes in the ecological character of wetlands included in the List provided in accordance with paragraph 2 of Article 3;
to make general or specific recommendations to the Contracting Parties regarding the conservation, management and wise use of wetlands and their flora and fauna;
to request relevant international bodies to prepare reports and statistics on matters which are essentially international in character affecting wetlands;
to adopt other recommendations, or resolutions, to promote the functioning of this Convention.
The Contracting Parties shall ensure that those responsible at all levels for wetlands management shall be informed of, and take into consideration, recommendations of such Conferences concerning the conservation, management and wise use of wetlands and their flora and fauna.
The Conference of the Contracting Parties shall adopt rules of procedure for each of its meetings.
The Conference of the Contracting Parties shall establish and keep under review the financial regulations of this Convention. At each of its ordinary meetings, it shall adopt the budget for the next financial period by a two-third majority of Contracting Parties present and voting.
Each Contracting Party shall contribute to the budget according to a scale of contributions adopted by unanimity of the Contracting Parties present and voting at a meeting of the ordinary Conference of the Contracting Parties.
Article 7
The representatives of the Contracting Parties at such Conferences should include persons who are experts on wetlands or waterfowl by reason of knowledge and experience gained in scientific, administrative or other appropriate capacities.
Each of the Contracting Parties represented at a Conference shall have one vote, recommendations, resolutions and decisions being adopted by a simple majority of the Contracting Parties present and voting, unless otherwise provided for in this Convention.
Article 8
The International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources shall perform the continuing bureau duties under this Convention until such time as another organization or government is appointed by a majority of two-thirds of all Contracting Parties.
The continuing bureau duties shall be, inter alia:
to assist in the convening and organizing of Conferences specified in Article 6;
to maintain the List of Wetlands of International Importance and to be informed by the Contracting Parties of any additions, extensions, deletions or restrictions concerning wetlands included in the List provided in accordance with paragraph 5 of Article 2;
to be informed by the Contracting Parties of any changes in the ecological character of wetlands included in the List provided in accordance with paragraph 2 of Article 3;
to forward notification of any alterations to the List, or changes in character of wetlands included therein, to all Contracting Parties and to arrange for these matters to be discussed at the next Conference;
to make known to the Contracting Party concerned, the recommendations of the Conferences in respect of such alterations to the List or of changes in the character of wetlands included therein.
Article 9
This Convention shall remain open for signature indefinitely.
Any member of the United Nations or of one of the Specialized Agencies or of the International Atomic Energy Agency or Party to the statute of the International Court of Justice may become a Party to this Convention by:
signature without reservation as to ratification;
signature subject to ratification followed by ratification;
accession.
Ratification or accession shall be effected by the deposit of an instrument of ratification or accession with the Director-General of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (hereinafter referred to as "the Depositary").
Article 10
This Convention shall enter into force four months after seven States have become Parties to this Convention in accordance with paragraph 2 of Article 9.
thereafterthis Convention shall enter into force for each Contracting Party four months after the day of its signature without reservation as to ratification, or its deposit of an instrument of ratification or accession.
Article 10 bis
This Convention may be amended at a meeting of the Contracting Parties convened for that purpose in accordance with this article.
Proposals for amendment may be made by any Contracting Party.
The text of any proposed amendment and the reasons for it shall be communicated to the organization or government performing the continuing bureau duties under the Convention (hereinafter referred to as "the Bureau") and shall promptly be communicated by the Bureau to all Contracting Parties. Any comments on the text by the Contracting Parties shall be communicated to the Bureau within three months of the date on which the amendments were communicated to the Contracting Parties by the Bureau. The Bureau shall, immediately after the last day for submission of comments, communicate to the Contracting Parties all comments submitted by that day.
A meeting of Contracting Parties to consider an amendment communicated in accordance with paragraph 3 shall be convened by the Bureau upon the written request of one third of the Contracting Parties. The Bureau shall consult the Parties concerning the time and venue of the meeting.
Amendments shall be adopted by a two-thirds majority of the Contracting Parties present and voting.
An amendment adopted shall enter into force for the Contracting Parties which have accepted it on the first day of the fourth month following the date on which two thirds of the Contracting Parties have deposited an instrument of acceptance with the Depositary. For each Contracting Party which deposits an instrument of acceptance after the date on which two thirds of the Contracting Parties have deposited an instrument of acceptance, the amendment shall enter into force on the first day of the fourth month following the date of the deposit of its instrument of acceptance.
Article 11
This Convention shall continue in force for an indefinite period.
Any Contracting Party may denounce this Convention after a period of five years from the date on which it entered into force for that party by giving written notice thereof to the Depositary. denunciation shall take effect four months after the day on which notice thereof is received by the Depositary.
Article 12
1. The Depositary shall inform all States that have signed and acceded to this Convention as soon as possible of:
a.signatures to the Convention;
b.deposits of instruments of ratification of this Convention;
c.deposits of instruments of accession to this Convention;
d.the date of entry into force of this Convention;
e.notifications of denunciation of this Convention.
2. When this Convention has entered into force, the Depositary shall have it registered with the Secretariat of the United Nations in accordance with Article 102 of the Charter.
主要活动 编辑本段
1996年10月湿地公约第19次常委会决定将每年2月2日定为世界湿地日，每年确定一个主题。利用这一天，政府机构、组织和公民可以采取大大小小的行动来提高公众对湿地价值和效益的认识。
1998年：公约常委会通过新的《湿地公约》标志(Ramsar 拉姆萨尔文字配以由蓝变绿的背景，两条白线代表波浪)。该标志显示公约内涵的扩展，从单纯的水鸟栖息地到以水为主体的变化。
1999年5月在哥斯达黎加召开的第7届缔约方大会上，决定编纂一套工具书，正式确认国际鸟类组织、世界保护联盟、湿地国际和世界自然基金会为公约的伙伴组织。
第10届湿地公约缔约方大会于2008年10月8日至11月4日在韩国釜山召开。
保护状况 编辑本段
湿地公约国家林业局还专门成立了《湿地公约》履约办公室，通过广泛的国内外合作提高中国湿地保护的履约能力。
2006年底，我国已经建立了各种级别的湿地保护区473个，已有45%的天然湿地纳入保护区范围得到了较好保护。
2007年9月，国务院批准成立中国履行《湿地公约》国家委员会，协调和指导国内相关部门开展履行《湿地公约》相关工作。
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截至2008年，中国共有36块湿地加入《国际重要湿地名录》，（可参看“中国国际重要湿地名录”）达赉湖等4个湿地类型保护区还加入了国际人与生物圈网络。
全球湿地面积达5.73亿公顷。中国首次湿地资源调查显示，我国现有湿地面积约3848万公顷，居亚洲第一位，世界第四位。
据全国湿地资源调查统计，我国现有100公顷以上的各类湿地3848.55万公顷（不包括水稻田），现存自然或半自然湿地占国土总面积的3.77%（2005年）。
生效时间 编辑本段
1971年2月2日订于接姆萨尔，正本一份，以英文、法文、德文和俄文写成，所有文本具有同等效力，保存于保存机关，保存机关应将核证无误副本分送所有缔约国。
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